Behind the City Lights: Unveiling the Economic Costs of Light Pollution in Indonesia

Abstract

Light pollution is increasingly recognized as more than just an environmental issue; it is also a growing economic challenge for modern cities. This study explores how excessive and inefficient artificial lighting affects three key sectors: energy, public health, and tourism. Using secondary data from international and Indonesian sources, the analysis shows that urban areas lose a significant share of electricity to unnecessary outdoor lighting, which in turn raises government budgets and adds to carbon emissions. Health costs also rise as exposure to artificial light at night disrupts circadian rhythms, leading to more sleep disorders and chronic diseases. At the same time, tourism potential especially astro-tourism declines as bright skies reduce opportunities for stargazing. Lessons from Europe, particularly Barcelona, highlight that smart lighting technologies and clear regulations can both save costs and improve public well-being. For Indonesia, these findings underline that light pollution requires more than environmental management; it calls for integrated policies that combine efficient technology, public education, and sustainable urban planning to protect both the economy and quality of life.